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Mithras Liturgy
The "Mithras Liturgy" is a text from the Great Magical Papyrus of Paris, part of the Greek Magical Papyri,〔K. Preisendanz, vol. 1, vii: "Das ''Große Zauberbuch'' der Bibliotheque Nationale Paris, Suppl. grec. 574, ein Sammelwerk von 3274 Zeilen auf 18 Doppelblättern, von der Kaiserl. Bibliothek 1857 aus der ''Collection Anastasi'' erworben..."〕 numbered ''PGM'' IV.475-834.〔Greek text with German translation in Albrecht Dieterich, (Eine Mithrasliturgie, 2nd edition, pp 1-2 )〕 The modern name by which the text is known originated in 1903 with Albrecht Dieterich, its first translator,〔Albrecht Dieterich, (Eine Mithrasliturgie ), Leipzig: Teubner, 2nd enlarged edn. 1910〕〔Jaime Alvar Ezquerra, "Mithraism and Magic," in ''Magical Practice in the Latin West: Papers from the International Conference Held at the University of Zaragoza, 30 Sept. – 1st Oct. 2005'' (Brill, 2010), p. 522.〕 based on the invocation of Helios Mithras (Ἥλιοϲ Μίθραϲ) as the god who will provide the initiate with a revelation of immortality.〔. The reference is on line 482.〕 The text is generally considered a product of the religious syncretism characteristic of the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial era, as were the Mithraic mysteries themselves.〔Hans Dieter Betz, "Magic and Mystery in the Greek Magical Papyri," in ''Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic and Religion'' (Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 252.〕 Some scholars have argued that it has no direct connection to particular Mithraic ritual.〔Alvar, "Mithraism and Magic," pp. 523–522, notes that Franz Cumont and Richard Reitzenstein immediately rejected the claim that the text was an authentic Mithraic liturgy; Alvar, who emphasizes the magical nature of the text, is among the 21st-century scholars who concur.〕 Others consider it an authentic reflection of Mithraic liturgy,〔Marvin Meyer, "The 'Mithras Liturgy' as Mystery and Magic," in ''Mystery and Secrecy in the Nag Hammadi Collection and Other Ancient Literature: Ideas and Practices'' (Brill, 2012), p. 447ff.〕 or view it as Mithraic material reworked for the syncretic tradition of magic and esotericism.〔Hans Dieter Betz, ''The "Mithras Liturgy": Text, Translation, and Commentary'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2005), p. 37 ''et passim''.〕
The codex containing the text was acquired by the Bibliothèque Nationale in 1857.〔Paris Bibliothèque Nationale Suppl. gr. 574.〕 It is thought to date to the early 4th century AD, though Dieterich proposed a date of composition as early as 100–150 AD. Its likely provenance in Egypt, where evidence of Mithraic cult is rare, presents a major obstacle to regarding it an authentic liturgy.〔Alvar, "Mithraism and Magic," p. 532.〕
==Structure==
Marvin Meyer divides the Mithras Liturgy into two sections:〔Marvin W. Meyer, ''The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook of Sacred Texts'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), p. 212. Alvar, "Mithraism and Magic," p. 525, follows the same structural outline while rejecting the identification of the text as Mithraic.〕 Lines 475–750 are a liturgy for the mystic ascent of the soul through seven stages, and 751–834 provide instructions on how to enact the liturgy.
The text begins by invoking Providence ''(Pronoia)'' and Psyche ("Soul") or in other readings Tyche.〔Hans Dieter Betz, ''The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation'' (University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 48, note 79.〕 The speaker of the invocation announces that he is writing down the mysteries to offer instruction and not for gain, and that he seeks a revelation of the universe and immortality guided by an ''archangelos'' (ἀρχάγγελος, "high messenger") of Helios Mithras (lines 475–485).
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